Childhood Play Behavior and Cognitive Development Essay

Childhood play behavior is an important part of every child’s life. Starting in infancy, children begin to explore their world through play. This behavior can serve as an indicator of the child’s cognitive and social development. The research on play and development is a key to helping caregivers understand the importance of childhood play. This paper will focus on the psychological aspects of childhood play behavior and its relation to cognitive development. According to the cognitive development theory, the purpose of play is to develop intelligence. While children play, it is theorized that they are able to learn to solve problems (Wyver Spence, 1999). One of the most influential contributors to understanding†¦show more content†¦Typically, when a child is five months old they begin to engage in a low level of object play. Children in this stage will focus on how their actions affect objects. For example, my niece is one year old and enjoys picking up blocks and hitting them together. When she does this, she is learning that she is able to control an object (block) and her action (hitting them together) produces a result (noise). As children near the age of two, they begin to gain interest in the properties of toys and begin incorporating objects in their fantasy world (Hughes, 2006). Symbolic play is added to the child’s repertoire of play soon after they reach the age of two. As the child develops through these types of play, they are able to connect and arrange these play behaviors in intricate ways. Between the ages of two and seven, children are in the pre-operational stage of cognitive development. This stage of development is categorized by imagination and symbolic language. During the beginning of this stage, toddlers spend most of their playtime using their imagination and playing pretend. This helps them to decipher the difference between reality and fantasy. Between the ages of five and seven, these children transition from parallel play, to associative and cooperative types of play behavior. These new play behaviors increase their social skills as they interact with peers, siblings, and parents. During this period, children alsoShow MoreRelatedThe Problem Of Children Intelligence Test Scores1653 Words   |  7 PagesNowadays, the global is facing the same pressure in early childhood education; many countries’ education system start to teach children academic skills at progressively younger age; because of the concerns about falling behind peers in their lat er the school aged. However, these early-accelerated preschool programs do not necessarily guarantee future academic success. Even worse, that may cause children’s social and emotional problems in the future (Marcon, 2002). 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I am giving greater priority to my own personal goals. I honestly don’t know what I was thinking changing careers at the age of 42 but I am determined to get my nursing degree. For the next 2 years it will beRead MoreChild Development Is The Growth And Change Within A Child s Intellectual And Mental Abilities Essay959 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"modulates mood† swings, â€Å"anxiety†, â€Å"and aggression† (Mate, 2013). Parents who are pregnant and use drugs, or use after birth can alter these chemicals by not â€Å"socially interacting† with their infant, â€Å"leading them to drug seeking behavior†, early in his or her â€Å"childhood†, which in turn will â €Å"lead to the death of good brain chemical†, and â€Å"lead to a dangerous overload of worse chemicals† (Mate, 2013). In order to back these findings, one must cross-reference research findings on this topic. 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The security of attachment between an infant and their primary caregiver can have profound consequences for the developing brain, impacting an infant’s future relationships, self-esteem, and ability to self-regulate emotions (Carruth, 2006). Attachment theory, first theorized by John Bowlby (1988), stresses the significanceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie My Sisters Keeper 1627 Words   |  7 PagesAnna’s life, and discuss how each event in the characters life had an affect on her physical, psychosocial and cognitive development. The events that will be discussed are: how being brought into the world to save Kate affected Anna’s psychosocial development, how having to undergo many surgeries at a very young age affected Anna’s physical development, and also how Anna’s cognitive development was affected by her sisters sickness and death. 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During the early childhood stage young children become very physically active, their language become more complex, and the evolution of imaginative and elaborate nature of play occurs. Young children at the early childhood stage also begin preschool. According to Piaget, a child at the early childhood begins to have more of an abstract and logical way of thinking.

Ozone Layer Protection free essay sample

Case Study of Environmental Conservation of Ozone in Hong Kong The ozone layer present in the stratosphere of the Earth is utmost important to us as it protects us from the exposure of ultraviolet rays which leads to several harmful effects. Without the ozone layer, human will be more prone to skin cancer and eye cataracts. Ultraviolet rays can also cause harm to marine life by reducing the amount of planktons and consequently depreciates the amount of fishes in the ocean.Besides that, the depletion of the ozone layer disrupts the production of crops and forest growth, another two things which are essential to human life and another reason why the ozone layer is substantial to us (Gleason, K. , 2008). The Montreal Protocol was created in 1987 for awareness to protect the ozone layer internationally and it is still ongoing until today according to the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), which stated that another nation has just joined this protocol in January 2012 (United Nations Environment Programme, 2012). We will write a custom essay sample on Ozone Layer Protection or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Hong Kong being a signatory to the Montreal Protocol has to play their part in contributing to the decrease of the usage of hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCFC). In 1985, there was a big hole found on the ozone. The main cause of ozone layer depletion is the release of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) and hydro chlorofluorocarbons (HCF) into the atmosphere. These chemicals can be found in air conditioners, refrigerators, fire extinguishers, aerosol sprays and cleaning agents manufactured in the industry and therefore, Hong Kong being an industrialized country definitely contributes to the gradual disappearance of the ozone.It is harmful because it takes about twenty to hundred-twenty years to break down these compounds. When a chlorine atom is released into the atmosphere, it will react with oxygen molecules, destroying the ozone layer with its chemical processes. This process repeats every single second and as a result, a hole which is twice the size of United States was found on the ozone. The citizens of Hong Kong may not realize that the things they use daily is accumulating and harming the ozone layer day by day which in the end, they are the ones who will be harmed.Furthermore, one of the effects of the depletion of ozone layer is that people now are at a higher risk of several sicknesses such as skin diseases, eye problems and d estruction of the human’s immune system. Skin cancers, cataract and infectious diseases are mainly resulted from the depletion of ozone not only in Hong Kong but in any other country as well. If we compare the health of the human in the past and present, we can summarize that nowadays, many more new diseases has been discovered and a number of them are caused by the increasing amount of ultraviolet rays human these days are exposed to.Hence, the ozone depletion obviously decreases the population of Hong Kong, due to them getting sicker. In addition, the plants’ and animals’ life cycles may be affected and the food chain will be disrupted in the end. Since the depletion of the ozone brings about many disadvantages to the country itself and the world, ways and plans to avoid the situation from becoming bad to worse should be implemented.Being a part of the Montreal Protocol, Hong Kong must reduce 90% of their HCFC consumption by 2015 according to GovHK (2011), a portal made by the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government, since the members of the protocol has decided to fasten the process of eliminating the usage of HCFC in September 2007. Several ways to ensure a decrease usage of HCFC include the avoidance of using aerosols and sprays composed of chlorofluorocarbon, service air conditioners more frequently and prevent buying products which use ozone depleting substances as refrigerants.

Teen Suicide (sociological) Essays - Suicide, Youth Suicide

Teen Suicide (sociological) Teen Suicide (sociological) The purpose of this paper is to explain the causes of teen suicide. This paper will include statistics and some background information on suicide survivors. Also this report will discuss some warning signs of teen suicide. It is important to take the subject of suicide seriously. It doesn't seem right that a teenager, who has lived for such a short time, would choose to die, but those who can't get over their depression sometimes do. Teen suicide is the third leading cause of death for young people aged 15 to 24 and the fourth leading cause of death for persons between the ages of 10 and 14 and it seems to be on the rise. Only accidental deaths and homicide follow it. Some experts believe that many "accidental" deaths are actually suicides. According to a 1991 Center for Disease Control and Prevention study, 27% of high school students thought about suicide, 16% had a plan and 8% made an attempt. Suicide affects teens of all races and social standing. Boys commit suicide more often than girls do. It could be because it's easier to get the tools for suicide, boys usually use firearms and girls often use pills so since the gun is more deadly, boys complete suicide. Over the past 15 years, the rate among girls has scarcely changed, but the rate among boys has tripled. Also, the rate among non-white males, even though it's still lower than the white male rate, has been rising most quickly of all. Suicide remains the second leading cause of death among whites after accidents and the third among blacks after homicides and accidents. Teen suicide is now considered a national mental health problem. The main two causes for teen suicide is the mental disease of depression and family problems. 90% of teen suicide victims have at least one diagnosable, active psychiatric illness at the time of death, which is most often depression, substance abuse, or behavior disorders. Only 33-50% of victims was known by their doctors as having a mental illness at the time of their death, and only 15% were in treatment at the time of death. The pressures of modern life are greater these days and competition for good grades and college admission is difficult which are extra stresses on already unsure teens. Some even think it's because there is more violence in the media. Lack of parental interest may make them feel alone and anonymous. They believe that their parents don't understand them and when they try to express their feelings they feel that their parents either denied or ignored the try to communicate feelings of unhappiness, frustration, or failure. Many children grow up in divorced households or both parent's work and their families spend little time together. Even the threat of AIDS is a factor that contributes to higher suicide rate. Stressful life events, such as the loss of an important person or school failure, often encourages suicides. People who have worked with depressed teens see a common pattern of unhappiness, feelings of inner disturbance, chaos, low self-worth, hopelessness and anger. Suicidal teens generally feel that their emotions are played down, not taken seriously, or met with opposition by other people, but it should always be taken seriously. There are ways of watching for warning signs of a suicidal person and depression. Some noticeable things are talking about suicide, statements about hopelessness, helplessness, or worthlessness. They may have a obsession with death or suddenly become happier and calmer. They have a loss of interest in things they usually care about. They might stop visiting or calling people that they care about. They even start making arrangements or putting their affairs in order and give away their things. Teens should learn that with treatment, depression ends, but someone who is experiencing deep depression might not be able to think about that. They can't see the way out of the problem and think suicide is the only choice. There are 30,000 suicides that occur every year in the United States and the " suicide survivors" are the ones that are left majorly affected and ruined. The people that are mourning over a suicide victim describe feelings of shock, disbelief, sadness, guilt and anger. They have episodes of crying, depression, apathy, anxiety, and sometimes thoughts of suicide themselves. Some survivors experience scary and disturbing images of death.

The influence of modern technology on Society Essays

The influence of modern technology on Society Essays The influence of modern technology on Society Essay The influence of modern technology on Society Essay 1. Introduction While engineering is frequently described as the most of import influence upon society ( ref ) , it remains a topic which deserves further survey. This state of affairs is by and large accepted, with politicians, sociologists, industrialists and educationists likewise recognizing that engineering lies at the very bosom of society ( Chandler, 1996 ) . The critical function that engineering dramas in the development of society, exciting non merely the economic system but society’s socio-cultural values, instead than being simply a tool of society, nevertheless, is referred to as ‘technological determinism’ ( Underwood, 2009 ) . It is this facet of how engineering drives modern society that this essay addresses. Social advancement has come to be equated with proficient advancement, peculiarly since the Industrial Revolution ( Beniger, 1989 ) . This advancement has non ever been acknowledged at the clip it was happening ; so, as Beniger farther notes, ‘human society seems instead to germinate mostly through alterations so gradual as to be all but unperceivable, at least compared to the generational rhythms of the persons through whose lives they unfold’ ( 1989, p. 2 ) . Possibly because of this ‘historical myopia’ , the value of the alteration may non be evaluated until the alterations has already passed ( Beniger, 1989, p. 2 ) . Critics such as Henry David Thoreau, for case, suggested that betterments in society’s proficient agencies are no warrant of improved terminals, and that they may alternatively take to a mechanistic and fatalistic mentality, situating that we do non sit upon the railway ; it rides upon us ( 1845, p. 308 ) . Therefore, engineering its elf becomes an overruling preoccupation, for it neer stops still. Technological promotion seems of import at the clip to different ages in different societies, psychologically if non practically ; in a assortment of modern societies, for illustration, immature people soon feel a heightened empathy with the digital age ( Bennett and Maton, 2010 ) . However, non all sectors of the community will be straight involved with, portion an apprehension, or even see the relevancy, of the latest technological innovations. However, as de Tocqueville ( 1990, p. twenty-two ) noted in 1840, ‘this societal revolution, which I believe to be irresistible†¦ is already accomplished or about to be so’ , and therefore acknowledgment of it is acknowledgment of the past every bit much as the present. The current revolution in engineering, known diversely as the ‘Information Age’ or ‘Age of Technology’ , likewise is grim: the older individual who is loath to utilize a computing machine has a life shaped by others’ usage of computing machines and may even accept a basic Mobile telephone, one time considered a glamorous accoutrement ( Coeckelbergh, 2012 ) . As globalization becomes an progressively important factor in countries’ economic success, technological competency is going an indispensable tool for lasting and booming non merely in society, but in its component parts, such as employment, instruction, agribusiness, and industry. 2. Advantages and disadvantages of modern technological advancement The younger coevals today, like many old coevalss, seeks to alter the universe and do it a better and more comfy topographic point in which to populate ( Griswold, 2012 ) . They want to be subscribers to peace, economic reforms, the betterment of public services and many other facets of the society. For them, the best manner to lend to these alterations is through modern engineering. ( Weiser and Brown, 1997 ) . This does non needfully intend that young person wants to do a immense alteration on the position of the universe where they grew up, or that they merely want to divide off from the norms of society. Alternatively, they believe that the progresss in communicating, through technological agencies, will ease societal alteration as no old coevals has had the chance to larn so much, so genuinely, from one another ( Griswold, 2012 ) . The ability for real-time conversations, forums, information exchange, visual image of other civilizations, and greater societal equality across the universe has developed more in the last 20-25 old ages than at any other clip in history. This has allowed commentary on state of affairss as they develop, instead than strictly through the position of written media. For illustration, the function of societal media during the ‘Arab Spring’ , non merely through Twitter but Facebook and other societal media platforms, provided contextualisation for the media studies at a clip when media bias is progressively critically examined ( Khondker, 2011 ) . Therefore, this coevals is able to corroborate journalists’ reading of an event, even in movie, with those who are take parting on both sides of the event, every bit good as insouciant perceivers. This is alone in history. The grade to which unchained entree to sentiment, counter-opinion, coverage, and propaganda will truly reshape the universe is yet to be determined. The Habermasian reading of the development of the populace sphere holds some analogies, as the democratization of critical analysis unfolded in fin-de-siecle Viennese java houses ( Habermas, 1989 ) . Harmonizing to di Maggioet Al.( 2001 ) extensive societal effects , both optimistic and pessimistic, have been claimed for many communications engineerings before our current computer-based age of information engineering. The alleged I.T. revolution ( which tends to be presented as the ‘final’ communications revolution ) can be seen as holding been preceded by the ‘writing revolution’ and ‘the print revolution’ , and merely the latest stage of an ‘electronics revolution’ which began with telegraphy and telephone. Winston ( 1998 ) criticises technological determinism and alternatively develops his theory of cultural determinism. In this theory, Winston considers non how engineering shapes society, but instead that the development of engineering, which is non inactive, is mediated and manipulated by society. Therefore, as a consequence of these tactics, the ‘radical potential’ of a specific engineering is stifled ; socie ty therefore merely accepts that which it believes itself to be in a place to accept ( Winston, 1998 ) . Systems and machines like computing machines, nomadic phones and runing systems, which merely involve one chink on the computing machine, replace the things which used to takes hours or even yearss. Almost every place has a computing machine and telephone, and persons within those places frequently each have a nomadic phone ( Bennett and Maton, 2010 ) . For some people, the application of engineering is the lone technique for them to develop forbearance, as even the boring concern of waiting can be ameliorated by maintaining busy with a nomadic phone, particularly for young person. One of the most of import advantages of modern engineering is globalization, which has allowed the universe to experience ‘closer’ , and permitted the universe s economic system to go a individual, mutualist system ( Barrell and Fic, 2014 ) . This means that people can non merely portion information rapidly and expeditiously, but can besides convey down barriers of lingual and geographic boundaries. Zhong ( 2007 ) observes that, in today s stock markets, fiscal substructure, planetary intelligence administrations, powerful armed forcess, strong authoritiess and large corporations, instantaneous communicating is an plus society can non afford to lose. The cyberspace allows interconnectedness and promotes globalization and information sharing. The decrease in the cost of instantaneous communicating over the last 20 old ages have well expanded its possible, by doing it accessible to developing every bit good as developed economic systems. However, modern engineering does non convey advantages but some disadvantages every bit good. The similarity of life styles, whereby communicating channels homogeneousness, can hold hurtful effects ( Griswold, 2012 ) . Before the rise of movie, telecasting, and the cyberspace, people had different civilizations and traditions that were reflected in the manner they wear apparels or design edifices. Now, in a signifier of crawling conformance, people tend to construct the same theoretical accounts of house and wear the same manners. The new, modern engineering is first-class in many ways, but its philosophical, physiological, and psychological effects remain unknown in a period when technological interaction and unrecorded communicating through computing machine usage, cyberspace confab, nomadic phones, and SMS texts are portion of the mundane life of -teenagers and the young person of today. This non merely includes issues such as the argument on whether nomadic telephones increase the likeliness of encephalon tumors, but the behavioral responses of kids to ‘instant’ satisfaction, or whether nomadic phone dependence will go a important disablement ( di Maggioet al. ,2001 ) . These are issues which remain unsolved ; their declaration will non be immediate. 3. The vision of adolescents in this twenty-four hours and age With the growing of engineerings as the cyberspace and computing machines, adolescents and immature people are going more disjointed from society ( Griswold, 2012 ) . Isolation is one signifier of this job. The Nipponese phenomenon ofhikikomori,whereby immature people ( normally, males, and more progressively, grownups ) sequester themselves, utilizing merely engineering to maintain in touch with society, is believed to impact about two million people worldwide ( Longo, 2010 ) . Social interaction consequences in degrees of emphasis and hurt to the grade that persons can non get by, and seek safety alternatively in an environment which they feel is to the full within their control. Additionally, instruction is being transformed by engineering. Stimulating pupils is non a affair of doing a great address or a dominant lesson any longer ; pedagogues need to be brought down to a adolescent s degree of understanding ( Weiser and Brown, 1997 ) . The demand and wants of modern young person are really different from those of their parents, as can be seen inhikikomori( Longo, 2010 ) . The most inspiring tool for teens and their life style is the cyberspace, nomadic engineerings, and computing machines ( Griswold, 2012. Adolescents and immature people besides have changed in comparing with teens in the yesteryear, taking into history eating wonts, an active manner of life, passing free clip, and the importance of music and manner. The affordability of many of these factors has changed well since, for illustration, the post-war coevals ( Bennett and Maton, 2010 ) . The most of import alteration, nevertheless, is that they are a engineering coevals. For teens in today s universe, nomadic phones, cyberspace, music, films, telecasting and picture games are really of import. Most adolescents prefer watching telecasting and playing computing machine games to reading books. They dislike reading because watching telecasting or playing on-line role-playing games is easier and they do non hold to utilize their ain imaginativeness ( Davies and Eynon, 2013 ) . Computer games have the capacity to supply learning chances but they are besides harmful to wellness ( Longo, 2010 ) . Teenagers prefer to pass free clip in forepart of a computing machine instead than to walk, play football, go to a swimming pool, or merely merely run into a friend in the park and have a confab. The long term effects of these alterations are non likely to be apparent for at least three more coevalss. Harmonizing to di Maggioet Al.( 2001 ) , the cyberspace expands day-to-day and reaches more and more people globally. As a society, betterments in literacy may lift due to the growing of the cyberspace. The immature coevals can non conceive of their day’s prep without the support of the one of most of import modern technological developments, the cyberspace. The cyberspace is really utile and an of import tool for surveies, as there they are able to see the latest studies and articles, discovery and practise exercisings which are relevant to their surveies, every bit good as submit assignments and other work. Further, a adolescent s societal life becomes inextricably linked to societal networking, particularly through unrecorded confab and Facebook. They would instead state that this is the easiest manner to pass on with each other, every bit good as larning new things and holding merriment ( Davies and Eynon, 2013 ) . Many things can be done through the cyberspace. Young people can download music and other files and play on-line games with their existent or practical friends. In this manner, hence, the cyberspace influences the adolescent position to the universe and its hereafter. It besides gives them an chance to interact with other teens and discuss relevant issues. One of import facet of teens utilizing cyberspace is their freedom to post unfavorable judgment of authorities leaders. Young persons have limited abilities to pass on meaningfully with authorities as they can non vote ; the cyberspace permits them to give their beliefs about what is incorrect and what is right from their point of position, ( Davies and Eynon, 2013 ) . On societal web sites young persons can hold dealingss and communicating with their friends or merely person who is far off from their places and around the universe, chew the fating on the worldwide web, e-mailing or merely playing games. This has been extended well with the coming of smart phones ( Bennett and Maton, 2010 ) . Using the cyberspace adolescents can travel shopping with their friends utilizing the same web site, usage mikes or cameras to movie themselves, about in the same manner as they would travel out together for existent shopping. Therefore, the populace sphere – through recreational confab every bit good as more complex interactions – is extended in the mode kindred to that described by Habermas ( 1989 ) . However, this alteration to ‘life online’ agencies that, necessarily, many existent universe jobs manifest themselves in the cyberspace, and so hold a farther existent universe effect. This can be seen in the phenomenon of cyber intimidation. Cyber strong-arming marks the gender, physical attraction and friendly relationships of kids and adolescents ( Davies and Eynon, 2013 ) . Victims do non cognize what to make or where to turn. Cyber toughs harass victims anonymously. The psychological harm is hideous because the victim s ain equals have turned on them and there is nowhere for them to travel, with teenage self-destructions and attempted self-destructions reported in the yesteryear ( Griswold, 2013 ) . A ‘dis-connect’ from human reactions could lend to cyber intimidation. Peoples learn to pass on largely through text messages or online, and do non larn of import facets of human interaction, such as noticing and accepting non-verbal signals ( Griswold, 2013 ) . Without these signals and features it is easy to be misunderstood and for the victim to be dehumanised ( di Maggioet al. ,2001 ) . This is besides true of online dating ( Winston, 1998 ) . Peoples are usually cognizant of what person is stating or non stating, through gesticulations and voice tones. Without these cues, it is hard to appreciate how the other individual is experiencing and whether there is genuinely a connexion. Young person can get down to experience as if who they are is non recognised, that they are reviled or that cipher wants them, when for illustration the text message or electronic mail was merely non received. Young people have created and developed a communicating civilization that incorporates many particular characteristics, such as a rise in the usage of text-based communicating channels ( Davies and Eynon, 2013 ) . Teenagers intersecting and selective usage of communicating channels has been shaped by multimedia communicating ( Weiser and Brown, 1997 ) . Therefore, their public domain utilises a wider scope of platforms than antecedently ; however, it is still simply an extension of the populace sphere, merely as telecasting and newspapers were ( Habermas, 1989 ) . Regardless of their signifier, the media landscapes created by adolescents serve to joint their personal infinite, every bit good as enabling their presentation of ego and specifying their relationships to others ) . This can be seen in immature people s relationship to the nomadic phone and other signifiers of synergistic engineering, which is consistent with their general ingestion manners. An habit-forming usage of the phone has been related to trendy and unprompted ingestion manners prevalent among females ( Davies and Eynon, 2013 ) . Technology enthusiasm and trend-consciousness was linked to unprompted ingestion and difficult values more prevailing among males ( di Maggioet al. ,2001 ) . In contrast, a economical Mobile phone usage was non related to gender but to environmentalism and thrifty ingestion in general. The traditional gender division in nomadic phone usage manners that could be observed is interesting in the visible radiation of speculations that genders are going more likewise in their usage of new engineering. The increasing tendency towards ‘instant gratification’ that has been fed by high rates of recognition over the last 30 old ages is exacerbated by a n restlessness facilitated by devices such as smart phones ( Griswold, 2012 ) . The net consequence of several of several coevalss for whom this is true has non yet been realised. 4. Decision Technology is one of a figure of interceding factors in human behavior and societal alteration, which both Acts of the Apostless on and is acted upon by other phenomena. Bing critical of technological determinism is non to dismiss the importance of the fact that the proficient characteristics of different communicating engineerings facilitate different sorts of usage, though the possible applications of engineerings are non needfully realised. Enthusiasm for technological progress typically involves technological determinism. As Potter and Sarre ( 1974, p. 485 ) , cautiousness that, in reaction to the alterations taking topographic points amongst today’s youth, there is obviously an unmistakable tone of moral disapproval directed against cultural interval – that is, oppositions to structural and normative versions occasioned by invention . This is non new. Every coevals expresses concern for the gait and nature of alteration, and inquiries whether alteration is driving society or society desires the alterations wrought. In the interim, the technological revolution will enable people’s lives to be easier, in ways such as societal interaction, instruction, fabrication, and so on. Withdrawing from the grade to which engineering has shaped society will be really hard, and probably to take to large-scale economic pandemonium ( Barrell and Fic, 2013 ) . The rise in costs, for illustration, through slower communications or manual fabrication methods, would ensue in an overwhelming, if impermanent drain on the economic system ; nevertheless, given the lessening in fossil fuel handiness, this may be a hereafter that society needs to see. Worlds are extremely adaptable, as the integrating of alteration antecedently has demonstrated. There may be a societal cost in this, as Thoreau ( 1854 ) speculated, but this flexibleness has permitted societies of many different signifiers to boom for millenary. The autonomy for people discuss alteration, as Habermas ( 1989 ) has described, has expanded in the last t hree hundred old ages. However, minds such as Thoreau and Habermas are prepared to oppugn non merely technological advancement but alteration in its most simple signifier. This is what will continue humanity from suicidal alteration. Many people may experience that adolescents are inadvertently ‘walking into’ suicidal alteration through their eager credence of engineering in every facet of their lives ( di Maggioet al. ,2001 ) . Whilst this may be a legitimate concern, it should besides be borne in head that adolescents are non simply being controlled by devices but are utilizing devices to ease alteration – through societal media. This was evident during the ‘Arab Spring’ ( Khondker, 2011 ) , and was widely welcomed. Enthusiasm for technological progress typically involves technological determinism. As Potter and Sarre ( 1974, p. 485 ) , cautiousness that, in reaction to the alterations taking topographic points amongst today’s young person, ‘there is obviously an unmistakable tone of moral disapproval directed against cultural interval – that is, oppositions to structural and normative versions occasioned by invention . This is non new. Every coevals expresses concern for the gait and nature of alteration, and inquiries whether alteration is driving society or society desires the alterations wrought. The human willingness to utilize alteration meaningfully and self-reflect, it is hoped, will protect society from itself. 5. Mentions Barrell, R. and Fic, T. ( 2013 ) . Integration, globalization, engineering and trade forms in the EU8.Research in Economics and Business: Central and Eastern Europe, 2 ( 1 ) , pp. 1-13. Beniger, J. ( 1989 ) .The control revolution: Technological and economic beginnings of the information society. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. Bennett, S. and Maton, K. ( 2010 ) , Beyond the ‘digital natives’ argument: Towards a more nuanced apprehension of pupils engineering experiences.Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 26 ( 5 ) , pp. 321-331. Coeckelbergh, M. ( 2012 ) . â€Å"How I learned to love the robot† : Capabilities, information engineerings, and aged attention. In Oosterlaken, I. and van der Hoven, J. ( explosive detection systems ) ,The capableness attack, engineering and design. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 77-86. Davies, C. and Eynon, R. ( 2013 ) .Adolescents and engineering. Hove: Routledge. De Tocqueville, A. ( 1835 ) .Democracy in America: Volume I.[ 1990 ] New York: Vintage Books. Denning, P.J. and Metcalfe, RM. ( explosive detection systems ) ( 1997 ) .Beyond computation: The following 50 old ages of computer science.New York: Springer. DiMaggio, P. , Hargittai, E. , Neuman, W.R. and Robinson, J.P. ( 2001 ) . Social deductions of the cyberspace.Annual Review of Sociology, 27, pp. 307-336. Griswold, W. ( 2012 ) .Cultures and societies in a changing universe( 4Thursdayedn ) . Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. Habermas, J. ( 1989 ) .The structural transmutation of the populace sphere. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Khondker, H.H. ( 2011 ) . Role of the new media in the Arab Spring.Globalizations, 8 ( 5 ) , pp. 675-679. Longo, G.O. ( 2010 ) . Communication, engineering, and the planetal animal.Communication, Capitalism A ; Critique, 8 ( 1 ) , pp. 18-27. Oosterlaken, I. and van der Hoven, J. ( explosive detection systems ) ( 2012 ) .The capableness attack, engineering and design. Dordrecht: Springer. Potter, D. and Sarre, P. ( explosive detection systems ) ( 1974 ) .Dimensions of society: A reader.London: University of London Press/Open University Press. Thoreau, H.D. ( 1854 ) .Walden ; Or life in the forests.Boston: Ticknor and Fields. Weiser, M. and Brown, J.S. ( 1997 ) . The coming age of unagitated engineering. In Denning, P.J. and Metcalfe, R.M. ( explosive detection systems ) ,Beyond computation: The following 50 old ages of computer science.New York: Springer, pp. 75-85. Winston, B. ( 1998 ) .Media engineering and society: a history: From the telegraph to the Internet. Abingdon: Psychology Press.

More Hills Like White Elephants Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

More Hills Like White Elephants - Essay Example On one hand, ‘the man’ is for abortion, whilst ‘the girl,’ on the other hand, is strongly against abortion (Hemingway, 2013). As such, in order to procure the abortion against ‘the girl’s† wish, ‘the man’ does all he can to convince he fiancà © to agree to abort the child. In fact, ‘the man’ goes to the extent of telling his fiancà © that abortion is just a simple operation that is necessary for her interest. Even though Hemingway failed to tell readers, whether ‘the girl’ procured the abortion or not, we can only conclude that she did the operation in Madrid. This became apparent at the end of the story, where ‘the girl,’ like her fiancà © became a supporter of abortion, which was not only considered immoral and dangerous, but also illegal (Hemingway, 2013). Hemingway developed the plot in such a manner that interlinks well with the characters in the story. After reading the story, one becomes convinced that the two characters are acting naturally in the story. Naturally, a man will always seek for an abortion in the event that a girl friend becomes pregnant unplanned. On the other hand, woman would always tend to resist performing an operation that she believes to be dangerous. Therefore, the two characters, no doubt, act naturally in the story. Regarding the ending of the story, Hemingway should have ended the story by telling readers whether the abortion was successful. In addition, the author ought to have ended the story by informing readers of the repercussion of performing the abortion considering the fact that abortion was illegal and considered immoral at the time he wrote this short

International Terror Attack Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 7

International Terror Attack - Article Example Cell members from a terrorist group such as the Islamic Jihad causes harm to other people through the use of explosives and in the process causes harm to himself or loses his/her life (Malcolm 2008): An example occurred in 2004 when the Spanish SWAT raided a bomb factory but lost their lives in the process when an Al-Qaeda suicide bomber blew himself and killed a number of people. Additionally, there is the use of the explosives that may be rigged on strategic terror targets such as public places and buildings. An example is the death of the US ambassador to Libya after a terrorist group propelled explosives towards the American consulate on the 11th September 2012 (Infoplease n.d.). There are a variety of training techniques employed by the terrorist groups in order to ensure that they achieve their ill-motives. These are inclusive of Self education whereby the members acquire skills from channels like videos as well as written materials. This has been mostly witnessed in Afghanistan where members of a terrorist cell gather in hidden places to watch terrorist videos in order to gain knowledge on terror missions. There is also the use of commercial school training characterized by shooting classes, surveillance and fighting by use of other swords and knives. The third technique involves the use madrasa classes to spread information concerning terrorism among new members; these classes are mostly used to masquerade as religious teaching classes; such cases has been experienced in Somalia where youths are trained on terrorist missions upon attending madrasas (Hepner and Medina 2008).

Analysis of Earthmoving Equipment

Analysis of Earthmoving Equipment Earthmoving equipment is typically used due to the high efficiency of the construction work. In early era human power has been used to move earth requiring plenty of time and manpower. But with the development of technology earthmoving equipment has been introduced to the construction field and nowadays more advanced and easily maneuverable earthmoving equipment are available. Thus the time consumption and manpower is greatly reduced resulting a more efficient and time saving construction methods. There are number of earthmoving equipment that can be used for the construction and each equipment provides a different purpose. (equipment, 2014) Excavators Figure 1: Excavator Excavators are mainly se to excavate soil. Excavators are very useful in deep excavations as well as it can be used for different applications by changing the bucket to different gadgets. Typically excavators are used in cutting trenches, digging holes and foundation pits, Handling of Material , Construction, General grading or landscaping work, Mining of minerals and gems, River dredging, pile driving, , shafts drilling for footings and blasting of rocks etc.(equipment, 2014) Backhoe Figure 2: Backhoe Backhoe is a versatile equipment which widely used in construction industry. It is a combination of an excavator and bulldozer. It can be used for quick earthmoving work and it can replace both excavator and bulldozer if the scale of the work is low. Also due to its 4 wheel system it can easily move through any rough terrain. Hence backhoe is typically seen on any construction field. The levers are operated by hydraulic pistons and the bucket can be replaced with other useful add-ons accordance to the requirement. (equipment, 2014) Bulldozer Figure 3: Bulldozer Bulldozer is a very powerful equipment which can be used to move earth and prepare surfaces. Due to its high power and belt wheel system it is used to move heavy soil lumps in one go. It has a large plate or blade attached to its front which facilitates pushing mechanism of large soil, rubble, gravel or other materials. By changing the blade to a ripper it can be used for farming or ground loosening work. Skid steer loader Figure 4: Skid Steer Loader Skid steer loader is a small scale equipment which can be used for quick work and for the places where large equipment cannot be accessible. Easily maneuverability is one of the main advantage of the equipment. Also it can be used to load soil into dump trucks. The main characteristic of this equipment is its wheel can be rotated independently allowing it to turn in limited spaces. (equipment, 2014) Trencher Figure 5: Trencher Trencher is another useful equipment that can be used to dig trenches in construction work.trencher has a long arm equipped with rotating belt of blades. The blades dig trenches while the equipment is moving along the required line. This can also be used for digging of irrigation channels, foundation trenches, road drainages etc. trenchers are also used in farming industry as well. (equipment, 2014) Motor Grader Figure 6: Motor Grader Motor grader is another useful earthmoving equipment. This equipment is heavily used in road construction. The main purpose of a motor grader is to prepare surfaces according to required slopes and angles. With the long blade attached to front arm of the equipment it can prepare flat surfaces. The motor grader is also referred to as road grader due to its heavy usage in road construction. This equipment is also used in irrigation construction as well. (History of the Bulldozer. Retrieved 2008-12-17.) For the given project I would use excavators, backhoes and Skid steer loader. The main reason for the excavator the amount of soil needs to be excavated to prepare the basement. Backhoes will be used to small scale work and slope preparation work. Skid steer loaders will be used for the small work where space is limited for big equipment. To ensure the equipment is used efficiently, effectively and economically I will preplan the earth moving process and schedule the work plan with allocating time for each equipment so that every equipment is not used at once wasting time. Also I will allocate specific tie limit for each equipment and the operator should be able to finish the allocated work within the given period of time. With such management mechanisms I can use the provided equipment effectively, efficiently and economically. What methods and resources will you employ to ensure safe and productive operations in deep excavations and trenching for your project? Justify your choice. Support your answer with examples. I will use shoring method to ensure the stability of soil while deep excavating and also a safety officer should be allocated for supervision of excavation work. Excavations will not be done on rainy days. Also the excavations will be done maintaining minimum slope angles for stability. There are several steps that need to be taken in order to assure safe and productive opertaions in deep excavations Preplanning of the work to be done taking following factors into account Traffic Proximity and physical condition of nearby structures Soil classification Surface and ground water Location of the water table Overhead and underground utilities Weather Quantity of shoring or protective systems that may be required Fall protection needs Number of ladders that may be needed Other equipment needs Protective Systems OSHA generally requires that employers protect workers from cave-ins by:   Sloping and benching the sides of the excavation; supporting the sides of the excavation; or Placing a shield between the side of the excavation and the work area. Define types of temporary works required to deal with stability and groundwater problems in the project. Typically during excavation process dewatering has to be done while maintaining stability of slopes. There are several practices used in industry maintain stability. Caissons Caisson is a structure that is developed at area if the   site is ashore, yet in the event that the venture site is seaward, it is built ashore and afterward skimmed to the site seaward. In the caisson technique for development, the unearthing is performed from inside the permanent structure. After the caisson is in position, uncovering from inside the caisson structure starts. As the unearthing is done, the caisson structure begins to sink by its own weight, or if fundamental, by forced burdens. This strategy proceeds until the coveted foundation level is accomplished. Figure demonstrates this procedure schematically. ( Wilson,1873) Figure 7: Caissons Installing Ground Freezing The theory of ground solidifying is to change the water in the soil into a strong mass of ice. This mass of ice is totally impermeable. Ground solidifying is utilized for groundwater cutoff, for earth bolster, for brief supporting, for adjustment of earth for passage removal, to capture landslides and to balance out deserted mineshafts. The principals of ground solidifying are undifferentiated from pumping groundwater from wells. To solidify the ground, a column of stop channels are set vertically in the soil and warmth vitality is expelled through these funnels. Isotherms (an isotherm is a line interfacing areas with equivalent temperature) move out from the stop channels with time like groundwater forms around a well. Once the earth temperature comes to 32  °F (0  °C), water in the soil pores swings to ice. At that point additionally cooling continues. The groundwater in the pores promptly solidifies in granular soils, for example, sands. For example, soaked sand accomplishes magnificent quality at just a couple of degrees underneath the point of solidification. On the off chance that the temperature is brought down further, the quality increments hardly. In strong soils, for example, muds, the ground water is molecularly fortified at any rate to some degree to the soil particles. On the off chance that delicate mud is chilled off to solidifying temperature, a few segments of its pore water to start to stop and it causes the earth to harden. With further decrease in temperature, more pore water solidifies and subsequently more quality pick up is accomplished. When planning for solidified earth structures in firm soils, it might be important to determine generously bring down temperat ures to accomplish the required quality, than in attachment less soils. A temperature of +20  °F might be adequate in sands, though temperatures as low as -20  °F might be required in delicate soils. The outline of a solidified earth obstruction is represented by the warm properties of the fundamental oils and related reaction to the solidifying framework. Arrangement of solidified earth boundary creates at various rates relying upon the warm and water powered properties of every stratum. Ordinarily, shake and coarse-grained soils solidify quicker than muds and sediments. (Jessica Morrison ,2013) Figure 8: Ground freezing method Dewatering Methods Wellpoints The wellpoint comprises of an opened or punctured pipe which is secured with a screen work. At the foot of this pipe is a hole which licenses flying of the pipe into the ground amid foundation. A well-point dewatering framework comprises of a progression of firmly set little distance across wells introduced to shallow profundities. These wells are associated with a pipe or header that encompasses the removal and is joined to a vacuum pump. The development ventures in the well point framework are: 1. The wellpoints are jetted into the ground; 2. The annulars void is filled with filter media; 3. The wellpoints are connected to a header pipe by means of a riser; 4. The header pipe is connected to suction pumps for pumping. Powers, J. Patrick (1992). Figure 9: Well points What types of plant and equipment will you use in substructure and drainage activities in your project? Justify your choice. Support your answer with examples. For the given project first thing that needs to do is providing drainage. While providing proper drainage by means of dewatering pumps and wells. Then to stabilize the earth proper shoring should be needed. Once the shoring is properly established further excavation and substructure work can be commenced. Drainage and dewatering Backhoes Dewatering pumps Drilling machines Hoses Generators etc. Earth stabilizing Shoring machines Cranes Welding plants Backhoes and excavators Substructure work Skid Steer loader Backhoe Excavator Piling machine What techniques of installing piling systems and ground stabilization activities will you use in your project? Justify your choice. Support your answer with examples. The foundation procedure and technique for foundations are similarly critical components as of the outline procedure of heap foundations. Pilefoundation techniques are foundation by heap mallet and exhausting by mechanical auger.In request to evade harms to the piles, amid plan, foundation Methods and foundation hardware ought to be precisely selected.If foundation is to be done utilizing pile pound, then the accompanying components ought to be taken into thought: Size of the pile and the weight of the pile The available head room and space The availability of supporting equipment and machinery The noise pollution and regulations. The driving resistance for the designed drilling Pile driving methods (displacement piles) Methods of pile driving can be categorised as follows: Dropping weight Explosion Vibration Jacking (restricted to micro-pilling) Jetting Drop hammers   Ã‚   A hammer with around the heaviness of the pile is brought a reasonable stature up in a guide and discharged to strike the pile head. This is a straightforward type of mallet utilized as a part of conjunction with light casings and test piling, where it might be uneconomical to bring a steam heater or compressor on to a site to drive extremely set number of piles. There are two main types of drop hammers 1. Single-acting pile hammers which operates using steam or compressed-air comprise a large weight in a cylindrical container. Steam or compressed air rises it up the fixed piston rod. At the top of the blow, or at a reduced height which can be operated by the operator, the steam is cut off and the cylinder falls freely on the pile helmet. 2. Double-acting pile hammers can be run by steam or compressed air. A pilling mount is not mandatory with this mode of hammer which can be fixed to the upperpart of the pile by leg-guides, the pile being directed by a timber structure. When used with a pile mount, back directs are fastened to the hammer to engage with leaders, and only short leg-guides are used to stop the hammer from moving relatively to the top of the pile. These type of hammers are used mainly for sheet pile driving. Pile driving by vibrating Vibratory sledges are normally electrically fueled or using pressurized water controlled and comprises of contra-pivoting unconventional masses inside a lodging connecting to the heap head. The abundancy of the vibration is adequate to separate the skin erosion on the sides of the heap. Vibratory strategies are most appropriate to sandy or gravelly soil. Jetting:to help the entrance of piles into sand or sandy rock, water streaming might be utilized. In any case, the strategy has exceptionally restricted impact in firm to solid muds or any dirt containing much coarse rock, cobbles, or stones. Boring methods (non-displacement piles) Continuous Flight Auger (CFA) Hardware contains a portable base transporter fitted with an empty stemmed flight wood screw which is pivoted into the ground to required profundity of pilling. To shape the heap, cement is put through the flight twist drill as it is pulled back from the beginning. The twist drill is fitted with defensive top on the outlet at the base of the focal tube and is pivoted into the ground by the top mounted turning pressure driven engine which keeps running on a transporter joined to the pole. On achieving the required profundity, profoundly workable cement is pumped through the empty stem of the wood screw, and under the weight of the solid the defensive top is disconnected. While pivoting the wood screw in an indistinguishable bearing from amid the exhausting stage, the ruin is removed vertically as the twist drill is pulled back and the heap is shaped by loading with cement. In this procedure, it is essential that pivot of the wood screw and stream of cement is coordinated that fall of sides of the opening above cement on lower flight of twist drill is evaded. This may prompt to voids in loaded with soil in cement. The strategy is particularly viable on delicate ground and empowers to introduce an assortment of exhausted heaps of different widths that can infiltrate a large number of soil conditions. Still, for fruitful operation of revolving twist drill the dirt must be sensibly free of tree roots, cobbles, and stones, and it must act naturally supporting. Amid operation little soil is brought upwards by the twist drill that horizontal burdens are kept up in the dirt and voiding or extreme slackening of the dirt limit. Be that as it may, if the pivot of the wood screw and the progress of the twist drill are not coordinated, bringing about evacuation of soil amid penetrating perhaps prompting to fall of the side of the gap. Figure 10: Piling and Auguring Underreaming An extraordinary component of wood screw exhausted heaps which is here and there used to empower to misuse the bearing limit of appropriate strata by giving a developed base. The dirt must be fit for standing open unsupported to utilize this method. Firm and to hard muds, for example, the London dirt, are perfect. In its shut position, the underreaming instrument is fitted inside the straight area of a heap shaft, and after that extended at the base of the heap to create the underream appeared in fig. 3.Normally, after establishment and before cement is threw, a man conveying enclosure is brought down and the pole and the underream of the heap is reviewed. (Fleming et al, 1985,) What methods and processes of constructing foundations including will you use in your project? Justify your choice. Describe the resources that you will use for the construction of foundations. Justify your choice. In the event of soils having low bearing limit, overwhelming auxiliary burdens are generally bolstered by giving Raft or tangle establishments. Likewise if the structure is defenseless against subsidence on being situated in mining range or because of questionable conduct of its sub-soil water condition, flatboat or tangle establishments ought to be favored. Raft or Mat Foundations gives an efficient answer for troublesome site conditions, where heap establishment cant be utilized profitably and free section balance gets to be distinctly impracticable. Raft or tangle establishments comprises of thick fortified solid slab covering the whole range of the base of the structure like a story. The piece is strengthened with bars running at right points to each other both close base and top face of the section. Now and again it is important to convey the over the top section stack by a course of action of reversed principle shafts and auxiliary bars, cast solidly with the flatboat piece. The Raftslab for the most part ventures for a separation of 30 cm. to 45cm. on every one of the sides of the external dividers of the structure in that capacity the region of exhuming is marginally more than the range of the structure itself. The unearthing is made to the required profundity and the whole uncovered territory is very much united. This surface, when dry, gives the base whereupon the flatboat or tangle section is laid. Every one of the precautionary measures that are important to be seen amid the strengthened solid development are entirely clung to and promote development is begun simply after the curing of the Raft has been completely done.Halpin, Daniel W.; Senior, Bolivar A. (2010). Describe methods and resources that you will use in processes, undertaking drainage works including culverts and installing services in your project. Culverts and drainage works Excavation The area of the proposed drainage will be set out on the ground by checking with paint and pegs at pit areas. Where works are along edge of existing roadway movement light or stop/go framework might be set up to do works. A trench will then be unearthed between pits utilizing an excavator with material stacked to dump truck. The trench width will differ contingent upon the measure of the pipe. Installation Where drains are being introduced a layer of geotextile material should be put along the framework of the trench and a layer of channel stone might then be put in base of trench to get pipe work. The pipe work should then be laid to the right line and level by utilizing a review laser Backfilling of Ducting The remaining stone might then be put by six ton dumper up to underside of topping where geotextile should be turned out under topping layer. The rest of the depleted might be bested up once surfacing works are done up to wearing course level. Establishment of layer of Geogrid should likewise be done at this stage. All chambers on the deplete lines might be built with pre-thrown solid catch pits and should be put as pipeline continues. (Turner-Fairbank Highway research Center ,1998) Figure 12: Culverts What types of plant and equipment will you use in the construction of superstructure your project? Justify your choice. Support your answer with examples. Construction of superstructure requires lot of machinery and equipment and the uses may vary throughout the different stages of the project. Following are a list of equipment and the uses of each equipment. Equipment Uses Batching plant Concrete Production Concrete pump Concrete pouring to higher levels Tower crane Shifting materials Elevator Shifting materials and laborers Formwork systems Form the structure Scaffolding For higher level work Poker vibrator For compaction of concrete The batching plant will produce concrete required to construction and concrete mixture truck and pump will support to pour concrete to slabs, columns and beams. Tower crane and elevator will help to move goods and laborers respectively. Scaffoldings, formwork systems and poker vibrator will be used for concrete pouring and form the columns, slabs and beams of the building. What methods and resources will you use in undertaking the main forms of structural activities in you project? Include the use of concrete in its various forms as well as the use of structural steelwork. Provide relevant examples. Justify your choices. Mainly concrete will be used together with steel to form the superstructure. Typically formwork will be established first and then concrete together with steel will be used to cast columns, beams and slabs of the building. For the aforementioned task concrete pumps, poker vibrators, laborers and skilled supervisors will be needed. Concrete is typically used for this type of construction work due to its workability. Liquid state of concrete allows us to cast different required shapes and forms of structures with ease. Whereas steel is a pre-fabricated material hence steel does not provide the freedom to use for different shapes. But steel is also a very good construction material which facilitates fast construction. Structural steelwork can be used together with concrete to produce composite structures. Also steel can be used alone for buildings as well. (Concrete Association, 2013) What methods of false work and formwork will you use in the superstructure activities in your project? Provide examples. Justify your choice. What processes of concrete production, delivery and placement will you use in your project? Justify your choice. Formwork implies the surface of the frame and surrounding used to contain and shape wet cement until it is self-supporting. Formwork incorporates the structures on or inside which the solid is poured and the casings and propping which give soundness. Albeit ordinarily alluded to as a component of the formwork get together, the joists, bearers, propping, establishments and footings are actually alluded to as false work. Formwork development may include high hazard exercises like working fueled portable plant like cranes, working at stature and unearthing establishments. The outline of the last solid structure can majorly affect the simplicity of formwork development and the wellbeing and security of individuals amid development. For the most part the more essential and basic the last solid structure, the more secure it is to develop, erect and destroy the formwork. An accomplished formwork creator ought to be counseled amid the plan of in-situ solid structures to empower the wellbeing and dangers amid formwork development and destroying to be considered in the outline. The formwork originator must be equipped in formwork configuration including reporting brief work stages and exceptional gear required for safe formwork development on location. A creator may utilize a specialized standard or a blend of gauges and building standards significant to the plan prerequisites the length of the result is an outline that meets administrative necessities. Concrete production Concrete Batching plant Concrete will be produced in a batching plant to ensure the quality and strength of the concrete. Concrete Delivery Mixture truck Mixture trucks will be used to deliver concrete to the site from the batching plant to prevent loss of workability and quality of concrete Concrete Placement- Concrete pump truck Concrete will be placed to higher levels using a concrete pumping truck. This way we can efficiently pour concrete.   (Concrete Association, 2013) Identify and assess the hazards arising from the substructure activities. Falling of unstabilized soil Falling to deep excavated trenches and pits Hazards associated with excavators Shorings can be weak Damages to underground electrical wires Explain the legal framework of health, safety and welfare and the requirements of the current CDM Regulations. The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2015 (CDM 2015) addresses the management of health, safety and welfare of workers in construction projects. CDM 2015 substituted the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007 (CDM 2007) and the Accepted Code of Practice which is providing supporting direction on CDM 2007 was inhibited. CDM 2015 aims to uplift health and safety in the industry by providing guidance to: Rationally plan the work so the risks tangled are succeededthroughout. Have the correct people for the correct job at the correct time collaborate and organize your work have the properinfo about the risks and how they are managed convey information efficiently to those who need to know consult and occupy workers for the risks management activities and educate them how they are being managed The CDM2007 Regulations expect to lessen development mischances and sick wellbeing in Great Britain by empowering the different partners of the development business to enhance in arranging and dealing with their activities contemplating matters of security and wellbeing at an early stage in the venture definition. By beginning concentrating on these basic focuses toward the start of a venture, dangers can be recognized and supervisors can use sound judgment in front of challenges. In this new form of the directions, the HSC concentrates on correspondence and co-appointment between every one of the gatherings required in the development venture and set up a few obligations for each of the distinctive partners. It likewise highlights that the measure of printed material and all the administration brought on by the past rendition of the controls ought to be diminished and the attention put on the arranging and administration. The CDM set up commitments for customers and fashioners. The fundamental commitment forced to the customer is to delegate the primary partners for the arranging and the acknowledgment of development work. By development work, the CDM extensively alludes to the doing of building, structural designing or building development word .Among the dutyholders which take an interest to the doing of the venture are the Client, the Designer, the CDM-Coordinator, the Principal Contractor and the Contractors. (The Construction (Design and Management) Regulations ,2007) Evaluate and justify the role of the planning coordinator who has been appointed to the project. Construction project coordinators plan, organize, and guide the actions of a construction project, under the guidance of a manager. He works on-site most of the time, over looking the day-to-day tasks of the project. He works for residential, commercial and industrial construction companies or for construction departments of companies outside the construction industry. Generally, construction project coordinators: Make contracts and negotiate alterations to contracts with architects, consultants, clients, suppliers, and subcontractors. Suggest and implement QC programs. Make progress reports for clients. Control the acquisition of building materials and land. Hire and supervise subcontractors and staff. During the excavation works the contractor found that the sub-soil in a section of the site to be contaminated. All site activities were halted pending further investigations. Following the investigations it was found that the site was contaminated with caustic soda and from material linked to buried heavy fuel tanks. The client has asked for a design solution to the problem. The contaminated ground can be treated with 5% ferric chloride treat the caustic soda contamination. Proper waterproofing of basement can further ensure that the caustic soda intrusion is completely blocked. Burried heavy fuel tanks should be properly sealed to prevent further leakages. If the contaminated section can be completely removed it should be removed and disposed safely to continue construction work. (Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund, Human Health Evaluation Manual) Produce a risk assessment for the above problem. Hazard identification Caustic Soda and Heavy fuel Contamination. Laborers and stakeholders can be affected Sub soil needs to be treated or removed